Your plasma for most people means only that it is the fourth article which is found only in nuclear reactions that occur in the depths of the stars and on their surfaces, or those that occur in nuclear reactors, where high temperature and high pressure, but there are many technological industries in the very complex depends entirely the use of plasma processed in the laboratory from these industries making integrated circuits and processing of diamonds and the work of chips and wires of superconducting materials for electricity and gas as well as in the transfer of toxic gases as well as useful for this study and understand the vast mysteries of the universe. In this article will shed light on the plasma and its uses.
Most of the material found in nature in three cases, solid state and liquid state and gaseous material can be converted from one state to another or to change the temperature or pressure, in all these cases, the atoms of electrons retain their associated electrical attraction forces. But there is the fourth case of a material to be the image of gas, but this gas contains a mixture of equal numbers of positively charged ions and electrons negative. This mixture is called gas-ionized or plasma Plasma, where plasma has an unstable state, the power of attraction Electric working on the Union of positive and negative charges to each other and the result of re-union is starting light of a specific frequency depends on the energy levels of atoms making up the material plasma.
Where is the plasma?
Often most of the material in this vast universe there is in the form of plasma. This plasma is at high temperature and high density as well, and these circumstances change from one place to another, for example, of the temperature of center of the sun ten million degrees Celsius while on the surface, the temperature of up to six thousand degrees Celsius, and here the plasma inside the sun quite different from the outside. But on the globe where there are often material in the solid state, and the layers of the atmosphere is a gas is ionized, ie, that there is no case of normal plasma on the surface of the earth. But can the work of the plasma in the laboratory? If you read this article in the light of fluorescent lamps (neon), the source of this light is a plasma processed, when the passage of power supply in the gas (gas mercury) under low pressure, it works on the ionized gas, leaving behind a mixture of positive ions and electrons, which will quickly be unite with each other and the result is emission of bright light, and continue these processes (ionization and the European Union) as long as the power supply in the force. This is an example of a plasma source low temperature exists in your home.
But the past and to this day care astrophysicists reveal the secrets of the universe and to understand what is happening on the surface of the sun and other stars. So scientists try to manufacture the same stars found in the plasma in the laboratory, and the manufacture of such plasma scientists have developed different devices capable of enormous amounts of energy to produce plasma in the same plasma conditions found in nature, was one of these devices is a selection of magnetic Magnitec-confinment devices. And it was known that a lot of information for the installation and understand the exterior of the heliosphere. But what about the plasma inside the sun with very high temperatures. How can be manufactured in the laboratory?
In fact, until recently, earlier in the evening and the evolution of the laser it was possible to obtain the plasma similar to those on any star, either inside or outside.
Obtain the plasma by laser?
We know that light is a fluctuation of two angles, one electric and one magnetic. The laser is just a light has distinctive characteristics make the intensity of radiance (energy per unit area per unit time) increases with increasing electric and magnetic fields to Mujath.
But you can have a light output of the laser is stronger than solid objects? The intensity of the electric field of the laser beam of 5x1011v / m when the intensity of radiance 3x1020W/m2, these days, up the intensity of some types of laser radiation to approximately 1022W/m2. Compared to radiation strongly regular electric lamp (60Watt) within a meter or two meters are not more than 0.1W/m2. Where the electric field of this radiation much greater than the electric field, which connects atoms of solid materials to each other and thus the electric field of the laser beam will affect the electrons of a solid and is separated from the atoms, leaving positive ions and thus prevents the laser part of the solid material to the case of plasma. It is clear from the above that can be used to laser-focused to produce plasma at very high temperatures inside the laboratory and at low cost. Illustrates the form of (1) how to make plasma in the laboratory using a laser.
This system has many important applications in the field of astrophysics where the choice of target material and design engineering in particular so that the resulting plasma in the laboratory similar to the real conditions of plasma for the star to be studied. In addition to that, the plasma used in many industries.
Industrial applications of plasma
Manufacture integrated circuits
Use of plasma low temperatures in many important areas, for example, most integrated circuits very complex and entering in the composition of every electronic device, these circuits containing tens of thousands of transistors and capacitors connected to each other by wire diameter of about 0.1 micrometers, this type of nanotechnology and manufactured using a complex Albularma, where the plasma carved circuit on the silicon chip based on the metal mask subject to the slide.
In this process is a sculpture on the silicon chip are as follows: -
Since the electrons within the plasma free movement and energy higher than the cation it up to the parties to the plasma rapidly and in turn attracts cations direction and Tjlha off the slide and when the collision cation areas exposed to the slide you Bnanha, and then replaces the mask metal the last printed with the circuit of class II Thus, for the third and fourth layer ...... , Etc. until the process of sculpture.
There is another way which is followed depends on the use of composite Carbon tetrafluoride CF4 as a source for the production of plasma, and then turn this compound to other parts of fluorine atoms. These atoms interact with atoms of silicon components of the slide and be a composite of a new Silicon tetrafluoride, which can be removed during the pumping operation. It is clear that this method is a chemical process you consume fluorine atoms of silicon to be removed. This process is faster than the sculpture mentioned earlier.
It should be noted that research and development underway since 1980 until now to get the plasma regularly to cover the largest possible area where the slice of silicon used old of 2 cm 2, but now it is up to 20 cm 2, this plasma has many uses, they are used in computer screens of mobile Notebook computer source Optical, which led to a significant evolution in the IT field monitors. The scientists are currently seeking a screen area of 1 square meters and a thickness of no more than 4-5 cm to be used as a screen television can be suspended in the homes and businesses without running into the room, and this will be achieved to reach a homogeneous plasma over an area of 1 square meter.
Portfolio of a clean environment
Plasma is used in many developed countries to get rid of toxic substances polluting the environment, based on the chemical processes that are unique within the plasma. Where the plasma can convert toxic substances emitted from factory chimneys and vehicle exhaust gas, such as sulfur dioxide (SO) and nitric oxide (NO) to non-toxic. For example, NO gas before being discharged from the chimney into the atmosphere, it draws a package of high-energy electrons from a device installed in the middle of working on the chimney ionize gases (NO toxic material and air) of any transition to the state of plasma. Before exiting the stage to the air ionization has ended and consists of nitrogen and oxygen molecules as a result of the process of re-union. Thus we have around us polluting gases to the greenhouse and useful for a small fee.
It should be noted here that recently been going to address the off-gas from the exhausts of cars, where the system has been installed in the plasma exhaust of the car to address the toxic gases before exiting to the atmosphere.
Also conducted numerous experiments on solid and liquid waste are used plasma at high temperatures up to 6000 ° C working on fumigation and destruction of toxic substances, transition to non-toxic gases, and in the end of the process is that remains of the solids in the form of glass. It was in America last year to get rid of about 4000 warehouse containing solid waste and contaminated the environment by the plasma. This has been a waste buried in the ground, which was causing the dangers of pollution. Using the plasma can now get rid of 200 kilograms of toxic substances in the hour.
